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• $B%P%l!<%M%C%H%o!<%/(B
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• $B?;?)B.EY$NJQ2=(B
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  • Baker and Partridge (1986)$B$O(B Noachian $B$K7A@.$5$l$?%P%l!<$N(B $B?;?)>uBV$,0[$J$k$3$H$+$i(B, $B?;?)B.EY$NJQ2=$r
  • $B$I$A$i$b(B Noachian $B$H$=$l0J8e$N;~Be$H$N4V$G?/?)B.EY$,JQ2=(B $B$7$?$3$H$r
• mail protected]@QJ*(B
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Ar $B$H(B N${}_{2}$

$B%9%1!<%j%s%0$rMQ$$$F(B H${}_{2}$O $BNL$,8+@Q$b$i$l$F$$$k(B.

• Anders and Owen (1977):
  ${}^{36}$Ar $B$rMQ$$$?%9%1!<%j%s%0(B. $BCO5e$H2P@1$G(BH${}_{2}$O/${}^{36}$Ar $B$OJQ$o$i$J$$$H2>Dj$7$?(B. $B$=$N7k2L(B, H${}_{2}$O $B$OA45e$K?<$5(B 10m $B$KAjEv$9$kNL$,B8:_$9$k$H$7$?(B. $BF1MM$K(B 100mb $B$N(B CO${}_{2}$ $BNL$r8+@Q$b$C$?(B.

• Pollack and Black (1979):
  N${}_{2}$ $B$rMQ$$$?%9%1!<%j%s%0(B. $BCO5e$H2P@1$N4V$G:`NAJ*Dj$7$?(B. $B$^$?(B, $BBg5$Cf$N(B ${}^{15}$N${}_{2}$/${}^{14}$N${}_{2}$ $BHf$,CO5e$N(B 1.62 $BG\(B (McElroy et al., 1977) $B$G$"$k$3$H$+$i(B, $B8w2=3X2aDx$H(B Sputtering ¹$B$K$h$C$F(B N $B$,;60o$9$k8z2L$rJd@5$7$?(B.

  $B$3$l$h$j2P@1$N:`NAJ*N${}_{2}$/${}^{36}$Ar $B$OCO5e$N(B 40 $BG\$G$"$k$H$$$&7kO@$rF@$?(B. $B$3$l$KCO5e$N(B N${}_{2}$/H${}_{2}$O $BHf$r$"$F$O$a$F(B, H${}_{2}$O $B$OA45e$G(B $6\sim 160$m $B$N?<$5$KAjEv$9$kNL$,B8:_$9$k$H$7$?(B.

$B$3$l$i$N8+@Q$b$j$K$O(B, SNC $Bp(@P$+$i$N>pJs$d$=$NB>$NBg5$(B $B;60o2aDx$,4^$^$l$F$$$J$$$3$H(B, $B4xH/@-85AG4V$NB8:_EYHf$KIaJW@-$r2>Dj(B $B$7$?$3$H$KLdBj$,$"$k(B.

$BC&%,%9N((B²$B$b(B $B8+@Q$b$i$l$F$$$k(B. $B$7$+$7(B, H${}_{2}$O $B$N@dBPC&%,%9NL$O$o$+$i$J$$(B.

• Scambos and Jakosky (1990):
  SNC $Bp(@P$+$i?dDj$5$l$?A4(B K $BNL(B(235-300ppm)$B$H2a5n$N%^%0%^$NJ.=PNL$N(B $B?dDjCM(B(Tanaka et al., 1988: Greeley, 1897)$B$r4p$K(B, ${}^{40}$Ar $B$HHs(B $BJ|Ar $B$O(B 0.012-0.040, $BHsJ|
• Jakosky et al. (1994):
  $BBg5$>eAX$G$N(B Supttering $B$K$h$k(B ${}^{40}$Ar $B$N;60o8z2L$r9MN8$7$F(B, $BC&%,%9N($r7W;;$7$?(B. $B$3$N$H$-(B ${}^{40}$Ar $B$NC&%,%9N($O(B $\le$0.2, $BHsJ|0.4 .

D $B$H(B H

$B4QB,$+$i!V2P@1$N?eAG$O=E$$!W$3$H$,$o$+$C$F$$$k(B.

• Owen et al. (1988): Bjoraker et al. (1989):
  $B!V2P@1Bg5$$N?eAG$O=E$$!W$3$H$rH/8+$7$?(B. $BCO5e>e$+$i$N@V30@~J,8w4QB,$+$i(B, $B2P@1$N(B D/H ${}_{{\rm atm}}=8.1\pm 0.3 \times 10^{-4}$ $B$rF@$?(B. $B$3$l$OCO5e$N(B 5.2 $BG\$K$"$?$k(B. $B$h$C$FBg5$$+$i(B H $B$,A*BrE*$K;60o$7$?$3$H$,<(:6$5$l$k(B.
• Watson at al. (1994):
  $B!V2P@1CO3L$N?eAG$b=E$$!W$3$H$rH/8+$7$?(B. SNC $Bp(@PCf$N%^%0%^[email protected]/8;4^?e9[J*$NJ,@O$+$i(B, $B2P@1CO3L$N(B D/H $B$OCO5e$N?e$HF1DxEY$NCM$+$i(B, $B2P@1Bg5$$HF1DxEY$NCM$N4V$K(B $BJ,;6$7$F$$$k$3$H$,$o$+$C$?(B. $B$3$l$OCO5e$HF1DxEY$N(B D/H $BHf$r;}$D%^%s%H%kCf$N(B H${}_{2}$O $B$H(B, $B8=2P@1Bg5$(B $B$HF1DxEY$N(B D/H $BHf$r;}$DI=AX$N(B H${}_{2}$O $B$H$N:.9g$G@bL@$G$-$k(B. $B$h$C$FBg5$$HCO3LCf$N(B H${}_{2}$O $B$O9b$$8r49N($r$b$D$3$H$H(B, $BI=AX$N(B D/H $B$NJ,JL$O(B SNC $B$N8G2=G/Be$G$"$k(B 13 $B2/G/A0$K$O8=:_$HF1DxEY?J$s$G$$$?$3$H$r<(:6$9$k(B.

$B$3$N7k2L$+$i(B H${}_{2}$O $BNL$,8+@Q$b$i$l$F$$$k(B.

• Yung et al. (1988):
  $B3H;6J,N%$H8w2=3X2aDx$K$h$k8=:_$N(B H, D $B$N;60oN((B, $BJ,JL0x;R(B³$B$r?dDj$7$?(B. $BF@$i$l$?CM$O;60oN($,(B H: $1.6\times 10^{8}$, D: $9.3\times 10^{3}$ ($BC10L$O(B atoms cm${}^{-2}$sec${}^{-1}$), $BJ,JL0x;R$,(B 0.32 $B$G$"$k(B.

  $B$3$N;60oN($,(B 45 $B2/G/;}B3$7$?$H$9$k$H(B, $B4QB,$5$l$k(B D/H $BHf$^$GJ,JL$,?J$`$?$a$K$O(B $B=i4|$N2P@1$K$OA45e$G?<$5(B 3.6m $BAjEv$NBg5$$H8r492DG=$J(B H${}_{2}$O $B$,B8:_$7(B, $B8=:_$^$G$K(B 0.2m $BAjEv$^$G8:>/$9$l$P$h$$$3$H$K$J$k(B.

• Jakosky (1990):
  $B<+E><4$N79$-$,Bg$-$J;~4|$K$OBg5$Cf$N?e>x5$G;EY$OA}2C$9$k$N$G(B, $B$h$j(B $BB?NL$N;60o$,5/$3$k$O$:$@(B, $B$H$7$F=i4|$N(B H${}_{2}$O $BNL$r8+@Q$b$C$?(B. $B$=$7$F=i4|$KA45e$G?<$5(B 70m $BAjEv$N(B H${}_{2}$O $B$,B8:_$7(B, $B8=:_$^$G$K(B 4m $BAjEv$^$G8:>/$9$l$P$h$$$H$7$?(B. $B$3$l$O(B Yung et al.(1988) $B$N?dDjCM$N(B 20 $BG\$G$"$k(B.
• Donahue (1995):
  13 $B2/G/A0$K$G$-$?$H?dDj$5$l$kp(@PCf$N(B D/H $BHf$H8=:_$NBg5$Cf$NCM$,$[$H$s$I(B $BJQ$o$i$J$$$3$H$+$i(B, $BI=AX$N(B H${}_{2}$O $BNL$r?dDj$7$?(B. $B;60o$N%Q%i%a!<%?$O(B Yung et al.(1988) $B$NCM$rMQ$$$?(B. $B$3$l$h$j(B 13 $B2/G/A0$K$OA45e$G?<$5(B 25m $BAjEv$N8r492DG=$J(B H${}_{2}$O, 45 $B2/G/A0$K$O(B 280m $BAjEv$N(B H${}_{2}$O $B$,B8:_$9$k$H$7$?(B. $B$3$l$i$O:GDcNL$G$"$j(B, $B$b$C$HB?$/B8:_$7$F$$$F$b$+$^$o$J$$(B.

H $B$N;60o$,$I$N$h$&$J?J2=$r$?$I$C$?$+$K$O(B, $BO"B3E*$K;60o$7$?$H$9$k9M$((B ($B@F0lO@(B: Jakosky and Jone, 1995)$B$H(B, $B2a5n$N29CH$J;~Be$K<>=a$JBg5$$+$iB?$/(B $B;60o$5$l(B, $BJ,JL$NBgItJ,$O$=$N$H$-?J9T$7$?$H$9$k9M$((B($B=i4|Bg5,LO;60o(B : Owen wt al., 1988)$B$,$"$k(B. $B@F0lO@$K$O(B, 1)$B8=:_$N4(Nd$J4D6-$G$OBg5$$HCO3LCf$N(B H${}_{2}$O $B$N8r49$O(B $B?J9T$7$K$/$$(B, 2)$B;DB8(B H${}_{2}$O (Jakosky, 1990)$BNL$,>/$J$9$.$k(B, $B$H$$$&(B $BLdBj$,$"$k(B.

$BBg5$;60o$N5!9=(B

$B2P@1$O=ENO$,CO5e$HHf$Y>.$5$/Bg5$$bGv$$$?$a(B, $BBg5$$NMM!9$J;60o2aDx$,(B $BBg5$$HI=AX4D6-$N?J2=$K=EMW$JLr3d$r2L$?$9(B.

Hydrodynamic escape

$BBg5$>eAX$N(B H${}_{2}$ $B$,(B EUV($B1s;g30@~(B)$B$K2CG.$5$l(B, $BG.E*$KN.=P$9$k(B. $B$3$N$H$-N.B+$,==J,Bg$-$$$H(B, $BB>$N=E$$J,;R$d86;R$r$R$-$:$C$F;60o$9$k(B.

Pepin (1991) $B$O(B Xe $B$NJ,JL$r$3$N8z2L$G@bL@$7$F$$$k(B. $B$3$N$H$-I,MW$J(B EUV $B%U%i%C%/%9$O8=:_$N(B $10^{2}\sim 10^{3}$ $BG\(B. $BB@M[

Impact erosion

$B>.E7BN$N9bB.EY>WFM$G@8$8$?9b29$N>x5$N.$K(B, $BBg5$$,@\$O5/$3$i$J$$$,(B, $B6E7k$N8z2L$r9M$($k$HI=AXA4BN$G4xH/@-(B $B85AG$NJ,JL$,5/$3$jF@$k(B.

Melosh and Vikery (1989) $B$OI,MW$J>WFMB.EY$H$7$F(B, $B>WFMBN$,4d@P

Jeans escape

Maxwell $BB.EYJ,I[[email protected],$,;60o$9$k(B. H, D, He $B$^$GM-8z$KF/$/(B. $BJ,JL$K$O305$7w(B(exosphere)$B$G$N7Z86;R(B, $B86;R$N=ENO$K$h$kA*BrE*$JG;=8$,(B $BH?1G$7$F$$$k(B.

Dissociation recombination

$BJ,;R%$%*%s$,EE;R$H:F7k9g$7$F(B, $B9bB.$NCf@-86;R$X2rN%$7$F;60o$9$k(B. $BNc$($P(B N${}_{2}^{+}+$e ${}^{-} \rightarrow$2N, O${}_{2}^{+}+$e ${}^{-} \rightarrow$2O $B$J$I(B. $B$b$H$b$H$NEEN%$OB@M[;g30@~$K5,Dj$5$l$k(B. $BH?1~<+BN$O8w2=3X2aDx$N0l$D(B.

Ion pick-up Sputtering

$B%$%*%s$,B@M[Iw<'>l$K4,$-IU$$$F2CB.$5$l$k(B(Ion pick-up). $B$=$N$^$^;60o$9$k$3$H$b$"$k$,(B, $B4,$-IU$-1?F0$N7k2L305$7w$K:F>WFM$7(B, $B<~0O$NN3;R$K1?F0NL$rEO$7$F;60o$5$;$k(B(Sputtering)$B$3$H$b$"$k(B. $BB@M[IwN3;R(B(p${}^{+}$), He $B%$%*%s$ND>@\(B Sputtering $B$O8z2L$,Gv$$(B. $B2P@1$O<'>l$, Luhmann et al. (1992) $B$O:G6a(B 35 $B2/G/$N(B Sputtering $B$K$h$k;60oNL$r8+@Q$b$C$?(B. $B$=$l$K$h$k$H(B C $B$O(B 120mb $BAjEv(B, O $B$O(B H${}_{2}$O $B$K49;;$7$FA45e$r?<$5(B 30m $B$G(B $BJ$$&NL$,;60o$7$F$$$k(B.

$B$^$?(B Jakosky et al. (1995) $B$G$O(B ${}^{36}$Ar/${}^{38}$Ar, ${}^{22}$Ne/${}^{20}$ Ne $B$NJ,JL$O(B Sputtering $B$@$1$G==J,@bL@$G$-$k$H$7$F$$$k(B. $B$`$7$mJ,JL$,8zN(NI$/?J$_$9$.$k$N$G(B, $BFbIt$+$i$NO"B3C&%,%9$K$h$k4u

$B;29MJ88%(B

Anders, E. and Owen, T., 1977: Mars and Earth: Origin and abundance of volatiles, Science, 198, 453-465.

Baker, V.R. and Partridge, J.B., 1986: Small martian valleys: Pristine and degraded morphology, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3561-3572.

Bjoraker, G.L., Mumma, M.J. and Larson, H.P., 1989: The Value pf D/H in the Martian atmosphere: Measurement pf HDO and H${}_{2}$O using the Kuiper Airbone Observatory, Proc.4th Int.Conf.on Mars, Tucson,Jan,10-13,1989,pp.69-70.

Carr, M.H., 1987: Water on Mars, Nature, 326, 30-35.

Carr, M.H., 1996: Water on Mars, Oxford Univ.Press, 229pp.

Donahue, 1995:

Hartmann, W.K., 1973: Martian cratering 4: Mariner 9 initial analysis of cratering chronology, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4096-4116.

Jakosky, B.M., 1990: Mars atmospheric D/H: Consisten with polar volatile theory? J. Geophys. Res.,95,1475-1480.

Jakosky, J.M. and Jone , 1995:

Jakosky, B.M., Pepin, R.O., Johnson, R.E. and Fox, J.L., 1994: Mars atmospheric loss and isotopic fractionation by solar wind induced sputtering and photochemicalescape, Icarus,111,271-288.

Jakosky, B.M., Henderson, B.G. and Mellon, M.T., 1995: Chaotic obliquity and the nature of the martian climate, J. Geophys. Res.(in press)

Kargel, J.S. and Strom, R.G., 1992: Ancient glaciation on Mars, Geology, 20, 3-7.

Leovy,C.B., 1979: Martian Meteorology, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 17, 387-413.

Luhmann, J.G., Russel, C.T., Brace, L.H. and Vaisberg, O.L., 1992: The intrinsin magnetic field and silar-wind interactions of Mars, Mars (Kieffer,H.H. et al., eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp.1090-1134.

Melosh, H.J. and Vikery, A.M., 1989: Impact erosion pf the primordial atmosphere of Mars. Nature,338,487-489.

Nier, A.O. and McElroy, M.B., 1977: Composition and structure of Mars' upper atmosphere: Results from neutral mass spectrometers on Viking 1 and 2, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4341-4349.

Owen, T., Maillard, J.P., DeBergh, C. and Lutz, B.L., 1988: Deuterium on Mars: The abundance of HDO and the valueof D/H, Science,240,1767-1770.

Pepin, R.O., 1991: Evolution of atmosphere volatiles, Icarus,92,2-79.

Pollack, J.B. and Black, D.C., 1979: Implications of the gas compositional measurements of Pioneer Venus for the origin of planetary atmospheres, Science,205,56-59.

Scambos, T.A. and Jakosky, B.M., 1990: An outgassing release factor fon non-radiogenic volatiles on Mars, J. Geophys. Res.,95,14779-14787.

Watson, L.L., Hutcheon, I.D., Epstein, S. and Stolper, E.M., 1994: Water on Mars: Clues from deuterium/hydrogen and water contents of hydrous phase in SNC meteorites, Science,265,86-90.

Yung, Y.L., Wen, J., Pinto, J.P., Allen, M., Pierce, K.K., and Paulsen, S., 198: HDO in themartian atmosphere: Implications for the abundance of crustal water, Icarus,76,146-159.

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