$B2P@18=>]O@(B: $B2P@1$NI=LLCO7A(B

$BCO5eN.BNEEG>6f3ZIt(B

1997 $BG/(B 1 $B7n(B 21 $BF|(B

$BL\

• $B2P@1$NI=LLCO7A(B
• $BCOI=$N9bEY(B
• $BG/Be(B
• $B9bCO$HJ?86(B
• $B2P;3(B
• $B%F%/%H%K%/%9(B
• $B6KCO0h(B
• $B%"%&%H%U%m!<%A%c%M%k(B
• $B%P%l!<%M%C%H%o!<%/(B
• $B%i%s%Q!<%H%/%l!<%?!<(B
• $B;29MJ88%(B

$B35MW(B:

$B2P@1$NCO7A$r354Q$9$k(B.

$B2P@1$NI=LLCO7A(B

$B?^#1$O2P@1$NI=LLCO7A$G$"$k(B. $B$3$l$O%^%j%J!<(B9$B9f$K$h$j;#1F$5$l$?

$BKLH>5e$O2P;3$,B?$$(B.

$BFnH>5e$O%/%l!<%?!<$@$i$1$NEZCO$,B?$$(B.

$B$h$C$F(B, $BKLH>5e$h$j$bFnH>5e$NJ}$,Hf3SE*G/Be$,8E$$$H9M$($i$l$k(B.

$B2P@1$G0lHV9b$$;3$O(BOlympus Mons$B$G(B, $B9b$5$OLs(B25km$B$G$"$k(B.

$B$=$l$>$l$NCO0h$NG/Be$ONI$/$o$+$C$F$$$J$$(B.

$B?^(B1 $B2P@1$NI=LLCO7A(B(Earthlike planet)

$BCOI=$N9bEY(B

$B2P@1$NCO7A$N9bDc:9$OCO5e$KHf$YBg$-$$(B. $B3$?eLL$,$J$$$N$GE,Ev$K4p=`LL$r7h$a$F$=$3$+$iCO7A$N9bEY$rB,Dj$9$k(B. $B4p=`LL$H$7$F$OJ?6Q5$05(B 6.1 mbar $BLL$,MQ$$$i$l$k(B.

$BCO7A$NB,DjK!$O

$BC5::5!$N(B Rader profile.

$B=ENO$NJ,I[(B($B?^(B2$B2

$B%^%j%J!<(B9$B9f$K$h$k;g30@~$H@V30@~$NJ,8w4QB,(B. $BBg5$$NB8:_$r2>Dj$7$F(B, $B;6Mp!&5[<}$,Bg$-$$$H$3$m$[$IDc$$COE@$H$9$k(B.

$B0J>e$r$"$o$;$F(B USGS $BCO7A?^(B($B?^(B2$B>eCJ(B)$B$,:n$i$l$k(B.

$B$3$&$7$F:n$i$l$?CO7A?^$+$i(B, $B2P@1$NI=LL$O$=$NFCD'$+$iBg$-$/Fs$D$NNN0h$KJ,$1(B $B$i$l$k(B.

• $B%/%l!<%?!<$,B?$/B8:_$9$kCO0h(B. $B7n$N%/%l!<%?!5e$KB?$/J,I[$7(B, $B4p=`LL$+$i(B 2-5 km $B9b$$(B.
• $B%/%l!<%?!<$,$"$^$jB8:_$7$J$$CO0h(B. $B%/%l!<%?!<[email protected](B, $B2?$i$+$N%W%m%;%9$GI=LL$,$J$i$5$l$?(B. $B4p=`LL$+$i(B 1-3 km $BDc$$(B. $BKLH>5e$N9b0^EYCOBS$K$h$/$_$i$l$k(B.

$B$^$?Fs$D$NBg$-$J%P%k%89=B$$,B8:_$9$k(B.

• Tharsis. 0${}^{\circ }$N, 110${}^{\circ }$ W $BIU6a(B, $BI}(B 6000 km. $BBg$-$J2P;3$,B8:_(B($BI89b(B 27 km).
• Elysium. 30${}^{\circ }$ S, 210${}^{\circ }$ W $BIU6a(B.

$B2P@1$N9bDc:9$OLs(B 32 km $B$GCO5e(B(20 km) $B$h$jBg$-$$(B.

$B?^(B2 USGS$BCO7A?^(B($B>eCJ(B)$B$H=ENOJ,I[?^(B($B2

$BG/Be(B

$B2P@1CO7A$NAjBPE*G/Be$r7h$a$kJ}K!$K$O0J2<$NFs$D$,$"$k(B.

1. $BCO7A$NAX=x(B
2. $B%/%l!<%?!<$N?t(B

1) $B$OAjBPG/Be$N7hDj$K[#Kf$5$,;D$C$F$7$^$&$N$G(B, 2) $B$,$h$/;HMQ$5$l$k(B. $B$7$+$7==J,Bg$-$JNN0h$G%/%l!<%?!<$N?t$r?t$($J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B. $B$^$?>.$5$$$b$N$O?/?)$5$l$d$9$$$N$G(B, $BG/Be$N7hDj$K$I$&$7$F$bIT3NDj@-$,@8$8$k(B.

$B%/%l!<%?!

Noachian;
10${}^{6}$km${}^{2}$ $B$"$?$jD>7B(B 5 km $B0J>e$N%/%l!<%?!<$,(B 200 $B8D0J>e(B. $BD>7B(B 16 km $B0J>e$N$b$N$,(B 25 $B8D0J>e(B. $Bp(@P=EGz7b4|(B(heavy bomberdment)$B$KBP1~$9$k$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B.

Hesperian;
10${}^{6}$km${}^{2}$ $B$"$?$jD>7B(B 2 km $B0J>e$N%/%l!<%?!<$,(B 400 $B8D0J>e(B. $BD>7B(B 5 km $B0J>e$N$b$N$,(B 67 $B8D0J>e(B. $Bp(@P=EGz7b4|(B(heavy bomberdment)$B=*N;8e$N;~Be(B.

Amazonian;
$B%/%l!<%?!e$NFs$D0J2<(B. $B0lHV

$B0J>e$N;0$D$N@dBPG/Be$r7n$N%/%l!<%?!WFM$rDj$9$k$J$i(B, Noachian-Hesperian $B6-3&$O(B 3.8 Ga $B:"$H?dDj$5$l$k(B. $B$7$+$7$I$NDxEY@5$7$$$+$O$o$+$i$J$$(B(Carr, 1996).

$BJL$N%/%l!<%?!<%b%G%k(B(Tanaka et al., 1992)$B$G$O(B

• Hesperian-Amazonian $B6-3&!((B1.8-3.55 Ga
• Noachian-Hesperian $B6-3&!((B3.5-4.3 Ga

$B$G$"$k(B.

$B?^(B3 $B7n$N%/%l!<%?!

$B9bCO$HJ?86(B

2 $B@a$GJ,$1$?Fs$D$NNN0h$r

$B9bCO(B(highland)$B!(%/%l!<%?!<$,B?$/B8:_$9$kCO0h(B. $B5e(B. $BA45e$N(B 2/3 $B$r@j$a$k(B.

$BJ?86(B(plain)$B!(%/%l!<%?!<$,$"$^$jB8:_$7$J$$CO0h(B. $BKLH>5e$KB8:_(B.

$B$3$N$h$&$J0c$$$,7A@.$5$l$?860x$N0l$D$K(B, $B=8@Q2aDx8e4|$K$*$$$FKLH>5e9b0^EY(B $B$X$N5pBgp(@P$N>WFM$,5s$2$i$l$F$$$k(B(Wilhelms and Squyres, 1984).

$B2P@1$N9bCO$O7n$N9bCOJB$K%/%l!<%?!

$B%/%l!<%?!<$I$&$7$N4V3V$,9-$$(B.

$B%/%l!<%?!

$B%/%l!<%?!<$N7ABV$,0[$J$k(B. rampart crater $B$NB8:_(B, $B?/?)$r

$BKLH>5e$K9-$,$kJ?86(B. mail protected]$O$$$m$$$m$"$k(B.

• $B2P;33hF0$K$h$kMO4dN.$,$?$/$5$s=E$J$C$F$G$-$?(B(Carr et al., 1977).
• $B0l;~E*$KN.?e$,B8:_$7$?;~Be$K8P$,7A@.$5$l(B, $B$=$l$K$h$k?/?)$HBO@Q(B $B$K$h$C$F$G$-$?(B(Schultz and Gault, 1984).

$B7hDjE*$J$b$N$O$J$$(B. $B2P;33hF0$HCOCf$NI9$NAj8_:nMQ$G$"$k$3$H$O3N$+$i$7$$(B(Carr, 1996).

$B2P;3(B

$BFs$D$NBg$-$J2P;3COBS$,B8:_$9$k(B.

• Tharsis;
  $B;0$D$NBg$-$J2P;3$H(B Olympus Mons ($B?^(B4, $BI}(B 550 km, $B9b$5(B 27 km). Tharsis $BKLEl$N(B Alba Patera $B$K$b2P;3$,B8:_(B($BI}(B 1500 km, $B9b$5(B 2-3 km). $B;3J"$KL5?t$N(B valley $B$,B8:_$729CH$J5$8u$r<(:6$7$F$$$k(B.
• Elysium;
  $B=b>u2P;3(B. $B<~0O$K(B channel $B$,B8:_(B. $B2P;33hF0$K$h$jCOCf$NI9$,M;$1$FN.$l=P$7$?$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B.

$B2P;33hF0$K$h$jJ.=P$7$?MO4d$OCO5e$HHf$Y$F>.$5$$(B. $Bp(@P=EGz7b4|0J8e$NJ.=PMO4dNL$O(B 6$\times$10${}^{7}$km${}^{3}$ $B$H8+@Q$b$i$l(B $B$F$$$k(B(Greeley, 1987 : Greeley and Schneid, 1991). $B$3$l$h$jJ.=PN($O(B 0.061 km${}^{3}$/yr $B$H$J$k(B. $B4SF~4d$r4^$a$k$H$3$N(B 10 $BG\0L$K$J$k(B. $BCO5e$O:G6a(B 180 Myr $B$G(B 30 km${}^{3}$/yr (Sclater et al., 1980) $B$J$N$G$:$C$H(B $BBg$-$$(B. $B$7$+$7(B, $B2P@1$K$O%W%l!<%H1?F0$,$J$$(B($B%[%C%H%9%]%C%H$@$1$J$iCO5e$O$=$N(B 1/10) $B$3$H$H(B, $B2P@1$N%5%$%:(B($BCO5e$N(B 1/10 $B

$B?^(B4 Olympus Mons(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B1-10).

$B%F%/%H%K%/%9(B

$B2P@1$K$O%W%l!<%H1?F0$OB8:_$7$J$$$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B(Carr, 1996). $B$=$NM}M3$O(B,

• $BEg8L$N$h$&$J2P;3Ns$,B8:_$7$J$$(B.
• $BD@$_9~BS(B(subduction zone)$B$,$J$$(B.
• $B2#$:$lCGAX!$3$Nf(B(ridge)$B$N$h$&$J9=B$$,$J$$(B.

$BCOI=$NJQ7A(B, $Bjy6J$O$*$b$K2P;33hF0$K$h$k$b$N$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B.

$BBg6.C+(B(canyon)$B$,B8:_$9$k(B($B?^(B2). Tharsis $B$N;3D:IU6a$+$iEl$XLs(B 4000 km $B1d$S$F$$$k(B. $BJ#?t$N(B canyon $B$,=8$^$C$?$H$3$m$G$OI}(B 600 km, $B?<$5$O?t(B km. $B$=$N7A@.%W%m%;%9$O

$BCGAX$G:n$i$l$k(B.

$B?e$^$?$ON.F0J*$,N.$l$k$3$H$G:n$k(B.

$B$=$NN>J}(B($B;O$a$OCGAX!$$=$N$"$HN.?eEy$G:o$k(B).

$B?^(B5 Marineris $B6.C+$N(B Coprates Chasma(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B1-11). $BBg$-$$J}$NI}$O(B 90km, $B?<$5$O(B 6km.

$B6KCO0h(B

$B6K4'$N<~0O$KAX>u$NCO7A$,8+$i$l$k(B($B?^(B6). $B$3$l$O(B poler layered terrain $B$^$?$O(B poler layered deposits $B$H8F$P$l$k(B. $B8|$$AX>u$NBO@QJ*$N=8$^$j$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B.

• $BN>6K$H$b(B 80${}^{\circ }$ $BIU6a$^$G9-$,$k(B.
• $BKL6K$O8|$5(B 1-2km, $BFn6K$O(B 4-6 km (Dzurisin and Blasius, 1975)
• $B$J$a$i$+$JI=LL$KC+$d5e$OH>;~7W2s$j(B, $BFnH>5e$O;~7W2s$j(B.
• $BE_$O(B CO${}_{2}$ $B$NAz$KJ$$o$l$k(B.
• $B%@%9%H$HI9$N:.9gJ*$G9=@.$5$l$k$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B. $BL)EY$O(B 1000kgm${}^{-3}$ (Marlin, 1986).
• $B%/%l!<%?!<$NJ,I[[email protected]/Be$O(B 10${}^{8}$yr $B$N%*!<%@!<$H?dDj(B $B$5$l$k(B(Plaut et al., 1988).

$B7A@.$K$O5$8u$H2?$i$+$N4X78$,$"$k$H$b9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B(Carr, 1966). $B!V2P@18=>]O@(B: $B2P@1$N5$8uJQF0!W$r;2>H$5$l$?$$(B.

$B?^(B6 $BKLH>5e2F$N(B poler layered terrain(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B6-7). $B

$B%"%&%H%U%m!<%A%c%M%k(B

$B%"%&%H%U%m!<%A%c%M%k(B (outflow channels) $B$H$O(B $B2P@1I=LL$G8+$i$l$k2O>27ABVCO7A(B($B?^(B7)$B$N$3$H$G$"$k(B. $BCO5e$G9??e$,$*$-$?$H$-$K$G$-$kCO7A$H;w$F$$$k$N$G(B, $B0l;~E*$KBgNL$N?e$,(B $BN.$l$?@W$G$"$k$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B(Carr, 1981).

• $B;YN.$,>/$J$$(B.
• $B=PH/E@$,$O$C$-$j$H$o$+$k(B.
• $BCf='$N$h$&$JCO7A$,$"$k(B.
• $B>eN.$N$[$&$,2

$B$H$$$C$?FCD'$,$"$k(B.

$B?^(B7 $B%"%&%H%U%m!<%A%c%M%k(B(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B3-5). $B7B$O(B 62km. $B2eN.$K$"$?$k(B.

$B0J2<$NCO0h$KJ,I[$7$F$$$k(B($B?^(B8).

• Chryse $B$+$i(B Acidalia $B$K$+$1$F(B(20${}^{\circ }$N, 45${}^{\circ }$W $BIU6a(B).
• Elysium $BCO0h(B(30${}^{\circ }$N, 230${}^{\circ }$W $BIU6a(B).
• Hellas $BK_CO$NElB&(B(40${}^{\circ }$S, 270${}^{\circ }$W $BIU6a(B).
• Amazonis $B$N@>$HFn(B(20${}^{\circ }$N, 160${}^{\circ }$W $BIU6a(B).

$B$[$H$s$I$N%"%&%H%U%m!<%A%c%M%k$O(B Hesperian $B4|$K7A@.$5$l$?$h$&$G$"$k(B (Masursky et al. 1977: Scott and Tanaka, 1986). $B0lIt(B Amazonian $B4|$K7A@.$5$l$?$b$N$b$"$k(B(Greeley and Guest, 1987).

$B?^(B8 $B%"%&%H%U%m!<%A%c%M%k$NJ,I[?^(B(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B3-1). $B9u$$ItJ,$KJ,I[$7$F$$$k(B. $B1_$O2P;3COBS$r<($9(B.

$B?^(B9 Chryse Planitia $BIU6a$N%"%&%H%U%m!<%A%c%M%k$N%9%1%C%A(B(Carr, 1981; Carr, 1996, $B?^(B3-2).

$B%"%&%H%U%m!<%A%c%M%k$O(B, $BCO2¹. $B>l=j$K$h$C$F0[$J$k%a%+%K%:%`$,$$$/$D$+9M$($i$l$F$$$k(B.

• $B8|$$1J5WE`EZ$N2<$G05NO$,9b$^$j(B, $B$=$N2<$NBS?eAX$+$i?e$,$"$U$l=P$F(B $B:n$i$l$k(B(Carr, 1979). $Bp(@P$N>WFM$b$=$N860x$N0l$D(B.
• $B2P;33hF0$K$h$jCOCf$NI9$,M;$1$F?e$,$"$U$l$k(B.
• $BC+4V$K?e$,$?$^$j(B, $B$=$3$+$i$"$U$l$k(B(McCauley, 1978). $B>eIt$OE`$k$,$=$N2

$B%P%l!<%M%C%H%o!<%/(B

$B%P%l!<%M%C%H%o!<%/(B(valley network)$B$H$O(B $B2P@1$K$h$/8+$i$l$k?eO)$N$h$&$JCO7A(B($B?^(B10)$B$N$3$H$G$"$k(B.

• $BI}$O$?$$$F$$$N$b$N$O(B 2-3km. $B9-$/$F$b(B 10km $BDxEY(B.
• $BCGLL$O6k7A$+(B U $B;z7A(B. $B?eJ?$JDl$H8{G[$N$-$D$$JILL$r;}$D(B.
• $B%P%l!<$N=*E@$O1z7A$K$J$C$F$$$F(B, $B5^$KES@d$($F$$$k(B.
• $B;YN.$N?t$O(B 50 $B8D$r1[$($J$$(B.
• $B;YN.$N4V3V$b%M%C%H%o!<%/$I$&$7$N4V3V$b9-$$(B.

$B$H$$$C$?FCD'$,$"$k(B.

$B?^(B10 $B%P%l!<%M%C%H%o!<%/(B(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B4-8). $B

47.5${}^{\circ }$N $B$+$i(B 47.5${}^{\circ }$S $B$^$G$NHO0O$K$*$1$kJ,I[$r?^(B11$B$K<($9(B.

• $B9bCO$KB?$/B8:_$9$k(B. $B9bEY(B 2-5km $B$N=j$KB?$$(B.
• $B?^(B11$B$K<($7$?%P%l!<$N(B 90% $B$O(B Noachian $B;~Be$NCOHW$KB8:_$9$k(B. $B;D$j$N$[$H$s$I$O2P;3$d%/%l!<%?!<(B, $B7LC+$N5^$Je$K$"$k(B.

$B%P%l!<[email protected]/Be$O$=$NCOHW$NG/Be$+$i8+@Q$b$i$l$k(B. $B$h$C$F$[$H$s$I$N%P%l!<$O(B Noachian $B;~Be$K$G$-$?$H9M$($i$l$k(B.

$B?^(B11 $B%P%l!<%M%C%H%o!<%/$NJ,I[?^(B(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B4-2).

$B%P%l!<$OCO2r7o$G$O?e$OE`$C$F$7$^$&$N$G(B, $B=a$J5$8u$,B8:_$7$?$3$H(B $B$KBP$9$k:G$bM-NO$J:,5r$H$J$C$F$$$k(B($B!V2P@18=>]O@(B: $B2P@1I=AX4D6-$N?J2=!W;2>H(B).

$B%i%s%Q!<%H%/%l!<%?!<(B

$B2P@1$N%/%l!<%?!<$NCf$K$O?^(B12$B$N$h$&$K<~0O$K1_$$FM=PIt(B($B%m!<%V(B,lobe)$B$r;}$C$?(B $B$b$N$,$"$k(B. $B$3$l$O%i%s%Q!<%H%/%l!<%?!<(B(rampart craters)$B$H8F$P$l$F$$$k(B.

• $B%/%l!<%?!<$ND>7B$O(B 50km $B0J2<(B(Mouginis-Mark, 1979; Barlow, 1988).
  • $BD>7B(B 10-20km $B0J2<$N%5%$%:$N$b$N$O(B, $BF1?41_>u$K9-$,$C$?0l=E$N%m!<%V(B.
  • 10-20km $B$+$i(B 50km $B$N4V$ND>7B$r;}$D%/%l!<%?!<$O(B $BB?=E%m!<%V$r$b$D(B.
  • 50km $B0J>e$ND>7B$K$J$k$H(B, $B7n$N%/%l!<%?!<$N$h$&$J%/%l!<%?!<$K$J$k(B.
• $B%m!<%V$r;}$A;O$a$k%/%l!<%?!<$N%5%$%:$O0^EY$K$h$j0[$J$k(B (Kuzmin et al. 1988,1989).
  • $B@VF;$G$O(B 4-6km.
  • 65${}^{\circ }$ $BIU6a$G$O(B 1-4km.
  $B9b0^EY$X?J$`$[$I>.$5$/$J$k(B.
• $B%m!<%V$^$G$ND>7B$H%/%l!<%?!<$ND>7B$NHf$O(B, $BD>7B$,(B 8-12km $B$N%/%l!<%?!<(B $B$K$D$$$F$O0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k(B(Squyres et al. 1992).
  • $B@VF;$G$O(B 2.5 .
  • $BKLH>5e$G$O(B 3.2 $B$^$GA}2C$9$k(B.
  • $BFnH>5e$G$O(B 2.8 $B$^$GA}2C$9$k(B

$B$H$$$C$?FCD'$,$"$k(B.

$B%i%s%Q!<%H%/%l!<%?!<$Op(@P$,>WFM$7$?:]$KCO2<$NI9$,M;$1(B, $B$=$N$?$aI=AXJ*WFM;~$NJ.=PJ*$,A*JL$5$l$F$G$-$?$H$$$&@b$b$"$k(B (Shults and Gault, 1979,1984) .

$B?^(B12 $B%i%s%Q!<%H%/%l!<%?!<(B(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B5-8). $B%/%l!<%?!<$ND>7B$O(B 30km.

$B;29MJ88%(B

Barlow, N.G., 1988a: Crater size-frequency distributions and a revised martian relative chronology, Icarus,75,285-305.

Barlow, N.G., 1988b: Parameter affecting formation of martian crater ejecta morphology, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf.,XIX,pp.31-32.

Carr, M.H., 1979: Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers, J. Geophys. Res.,84,2995-3007.

Carr, M.H., 1996: Water on Mars, Oxford Univ.Press, 229pp.

Carr, M.H., Greeley, R., Blasius, K.R., Guest, J.E. and Murray,J.B. 1977: Some martian volcanic features as viewed from the Viking orbiters, J. Geophys. Res.,82,3985-4015.

Chyba, C.F., 1991: Terrestrial mantle siderophiles and the lunar impact record, Icarus,92,217-233.

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