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$B8=:_CM$O(B0.093. 0$B$+$i(B0.13$B$^$GJQ2=$9$k(B(Ward, 1992). 10yr $B$h$jA0$G$OIT3NDj@-$,Bg$-$$(B. $B<~4|(B200$BK|G/(B(2Myr)$B$ND9<~4|@.J,$K<~4|(B10$BK|G/(B(10yr)$B$NC;<~4|@.J,$,=E$M(B $B9g$o$5$C$?JQF0$r$9$k(B($B?^(B1 $B>eCJ(B).

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$B<+E><4$N:P:91?F0$N<~4|$O(B173,000$BG/(B, $B50F;LL$N:P:91?F0$N<~4|$O(B70,000$BG/(B (Ward, 1973). $B$3$l$i$N1?F0$K$h$j=UJ,!&=)J,$r7k$V@~$H6aF|E@!&1sF|E@$r7k$V@~$,2sE>$9$k(B ($B!V2P@18=>]O@(B: $B2P@1$N4pK\E*?t;z!W;2>H(B). $B$3$l$K$h$j=k$/$FC;$$2F$K$J$kH>5e$,<~4|(B51,000$BG/$G8r8_$KF~$lBX$o$k(B.
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$\begin{displaymath} \alpha = \frac{3}{2}\left(\frac{GM_{s}}{\omega a^{3}}\right)\left(\frac{J_{2}} {\lambda }\right) \end{displaymath}$

$B$HI=$5$l$k(B. $B$OK|M-0zNODj?t(B, $M_{s}$ $B$OB@M[$N $B$O<+E>3QB.EY(B, $B$O(B $B50F;D9H>7B(B, $J_{2}=[C-(A+B)/2]/Mr^{2}$ $B$G(B $B$O47@-%b!<%a%s%H$N $B$OOG@1$N $B$OOG@1$NH>7B$G$"$k(B. $B$h$C$FOG@1FbIt$N!VJ,2=!W$d(B Tharsis $B5Z$S(B Elysium $B$H$$$C$?2P;3$N7A@.$K$h$j(B $B47@-%b!<%a%s%H$,JQ2=$9$k$H(B, $B:P:91?F0$bJQ2=$9$k(B. $BB>$N%Q%i%a!<%?$H$N6&LD$bJQ2=$9$k(B.
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$B?^(B2 $B79

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$B79 $B$H(B H ${}_{2}$ O $BJ,I[$,JQ2=$9$k$3$H$,9M$($i$l$k(B. $B$3$3$G$O79 $BNL$NJQ2=$r8+@Q$b$k(B.

$B6K4'(B
$B6K4'$O0lG/CfB8:_$9$k1J5W6K4'(B(residual cap)$B$H5(@a$K$h$C$F$O>C<:$9$k5(@a6K4'(B (seasonal cap)$B$KJ,$1$i$l$k(B. $BFnKL$N1J5W6K4'[email protected],$O(B, $B0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k(B (Tanaka et al., 1988; Kiffer et al., 1976; Kieffer and Zunt, 1992).

$BKLH>5e$N1J5W6K4'(B $BFnH>5e$N1J5W6K4'(B

$BLL@Q(B 837 km ${}^{2}$ 88 km ${}^{2}$

[email protected],(B ${\rm H}_2{\rm O}$ ${\rm CO}_2$

$B8|$5(B 1km 1m $\sim$ 100m

$BFnH>5e$N1J5W6K4'$K4^$^$l$k(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$OBg5$Cf$NNL$N(B 0.6 $B!A(B 60% $B$KAjEv$9$k(B. $B2>$K79
Polar layered terrains
$B6K0h$Nu$K$J$C$F$$$kNN0h(B($B?^(B6, $B!V2P@18=>]O@(B: $B2P@1$NI=LLCO7A!W;2>H(B)$B$G(B, CO ${}_{2}$ $B$H(B H ${}_{2}$ O $B$NJq@\2=9gJ*$NB8:_$,?dB,$5$l$F$$$k(B. $B$3$NJq@\2=9gJ*$O
CO ${}_{2}$ $B$N<~0O$r(B H ${}_{2}$ O $B$,
$B6K0h$N29EY2<$G05NO(B 100 mbar $B0J>e$^$?$OCO2<(B 10 m $B$h$j2<$G0BDj$KB8:_$9$k(B (Miller and Smythe, 1970).

Jakosky et al. (1995)$B$OKL6K$N(B poler layrered terrain $B$,$3$NJq@\2=9gJ*(B $B$G9=@.$5$l$F$$$k>l9g(B, $B05NO$K$7$F(B 0.2 bar, $B8GBN$N(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$G9=@.$5$l$F(B $B$$$k>l9g(B 0.85 bar $B$N(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$KAjEv$9$k$H8+@Q$b$C$?(B.. $B2P@1;K=i4|$N8|$$Bg5$$OJq@\2=9gJ*$^$?$O8GBN$H$7$F6K0h$KE`7k$5$l$F$$$k$H$&$H79 $B$,(B $BJ|=P$5$l(B, $B5$29$O(B 10 $B!A(B 20K $B>e>:$9$k(B. $B$7$+$7Jq@\2=9gJ*$NB8:_$rN"IU$1$k$h$&$J4QB,$O$J$$(B.

$BI=EZ(B
$BI=EZ$K$O(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$,5[Ce$7$FB8:_$7$F$$$k$H$5$l$F$$$k(B. $B$7$+$75[Ce>uBV$N29EY!&05NO0MB8@-$O$h$/$o$+$i$J$$(B. $B79 $B50F;MWAG$NJQ2=$K$H$b$J$C$F29EY$,JQ2=$9$k?<$5$O(B, $(\kappa t/\pi )^{1/2}$ $B$GI>2A$5$l$k(B. $B79yr $B$N%*!<%@!<$J$N$G(B, $BBeI=E*$JG.3H;6N((B $\kappa =$ 15m ${}^{2}$ yr ${}^{-1}$ $B$rMQ$$$k$H1F6A$5$l$k?<$5$O(B 1km $BDxEY(B $B$H8+@Q$b$i$l$k(B. $B?^(B3$B$O79 $\Depsf[][]{fig-prohibited/kikou-3.ps}$

$B?^(B3 $B79 $B4d@P$N5[CeG=NO$O$=$N9[J*AH@.$HN37A$K0MB8$9$k(B. Fanale and Cannon (1979) $B$O(B, $B2P@1$N29EY05NO>r7o2<$G8 $B$N5[CeNL$rI>2A$7$?(B($B?^(B4). $B$3$l$K$h$k$H5[CeNL$O05NO$KHfNc(B, $B29EY$K$O5UHfNc$N798~$,$"$k$3$H$,$o$+$k(B. $B$^$?G4EZ$NJ}$,F1$8>r7o$G$N5[CeNL$,Bg$-$$(B.
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$B?^(B4 $B8 $B5[CeNL(B $B$NJQ2=(B(Fanel and Cannon, 1979 ; Carr ,1996, $B?^(B6-4).

CO ${}_{2}$ $BJ,I[$N7W;;(B
Fanale et al. (1982) $B$O79 $B$NJ,I[NL$NJQ2=$r7W;;$7$?(B. $BI=EZ$O8|$5$HAH@.(B($B8 $B$NNL$O8=:_$N79 $BBg$-$J1J5W6K4'$,$G$-$J$$(B $B$H$$$&>r7o$r2]$7$?(B. $B?^(B5$B$K$=$N7W;;Nc$r<($9(B. $B$?$@$7$3$3$G$OI=EZ$r8|$5(B 400m $B$NG4EZ$H$7$?(B. A $B$OBg5$(B, PC $B$O6K4'(B, HLR, LLR $B$O$=$l$>$l9b0^EY$HDc0^EY$NI=EZ$rI=$9(B.

$B79.$5$$$H$-(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$N$[$H$s$I$O6K4'$KB8:_$9$k(B.

$B79e>:$7(B, $B$=$N7k2LI=EZ$N5[CeNL$,A}2C$9$k(B. $B9b0^EY$NJ}$,5[CeNL$,Bg$-$$$N$O29EY$,Dc$$$?$a$G$"$k(B($B?^(B4$B;2>H(B).

$B$5$i$K79e>:$,Dc0^EY$KHf$Y9b0^EY$N$[$&$,AjBPE*$KBg$-$$$?$a(B.

$B$3$N%b%G%k$GBg5$Cf$K:G$bB?$/$N(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$,J|=P$5$l$k$N$O(B, $B79 $B$N$H$-$GBg5$05$O(B 25 mbar $B$K$J$k(B. $B$h$C$F6K0h$K$h$[$IBgNL$N(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$,B8:_$7$J$$$H(B, $B79 $\Depsf[][]{fig-prohibited/kikou-5.ps}$

$B?^(B5 $B79 $BJ,I[$NJQ2=(B (Fanel et al., 1982; Carr ,1996, $B?^(B6-5).

$B=`<~4|E*5$8uJQF0$NCOZ5r(B

polar layered terrains $B$O79 $B$,Bg5$$K6!5k$5$l$k(B. $B$h$C$FBg5$$,8|$/$J$j(B, $B5$29$,>e>:$9$k(B. $B5$29$,>e>:$9$k$H%@%9%H%9%H!<%`$NH/@8IQEY$,A}2C$9$k(B. $B$3$N$?$a%@%9%H$O(B polar layered terrains $B$K79.$5$$$H$-$K$OBO@Q$,5/$3$i$:?;?)$5$l$k(B. $B$3$l$,8r8_$K7+$jJV$5$l(B polar layered terrains $B$,7A@.$5$l$k(B.

$B$3$l$KBP$7(B, polar layered terrains $B$N:2Z$,5/$3$jF|1"$G(B $B6E7k$,5/$3$k$h$&$K$J$k(B. $B$=$N7k2LF|1"$G$OBO@Q$7(B, $BF|$J$?$G$O?;?)$5$l$?$h$&$JC+$,$G$-$"$,$k(B. $B$3$&$7$F

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$B?^(B6 $BKLH>5e2F$N(B poler layerd terrain(Carr, 1996, $B?^(B6-7).

$B0l

Pollack et al. (1987) $B$O(B CO ${}_{2}-$ H ${}_{2}$ O $BBg5$$N(B $B0l=aCGG.8:N($rMQ$$(B, $BAjBP<>EY$OCOI=$G(B 0.77 $B$r=i4|CM(B, $B05NO$KHfNc$9$k$h$&$K$7$?(B. $B7W;;7k2L$r?^(B7$B$K<($9(B. $B$3$l$h$j1UBN$N?e$,B8:_$9$k$?$a$K$O(B,

$A_{s}=$ 0.215($B8=:_$N%"%k%Y%I(B), $S=S_{0}$ ($B8=:_$NB@M[Dj?t(B)$B$G$O(B, $p_{s}=$ 2.2bar .
$A_{s}=$ 0.215, 0.75 $S_{0}$ $B$G$O(B, $p_{s}=$ 5bar.

$B$NCOI=5$05$,I,MW$K$J$k(B($B?^(B7$B0.75 $S_{0}$ $B$O(B 3.8Gyr $BA0$NB@M[Dj?t$KBP1~$9$k(B. $A_{s}=$ 0.1 $B$K$9$k$HB?>/Dc2<$9$k(B($B?^(B7$BE@@~(B).

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$B?^(B7 Pollack et al. (1987) $B$N7W;;7k2L(B(Carr ,1996, $B?^(B6-10).

Kasting (1991) $B$bF1MM$N0l $B$N6E7k2aDx$r4^$a$F$$$k(B. $B7k2L$O?^(B8$B<($9(B. $B?^Cf$N?t;z$OB@M[Dj?t$NHf$rI=$9(B

$B8=:_$N%Q%i%a!<%?$G(B $p_{s}=$ 2.2bar $B$H$9$k$H(B, $BCOI=29EY$O(B 9 ${}^{\circ }$ K $BDc2<(B.
0.9 $S_{0}$ $B$G!VK=Av6E7k(B(runaway condensation)$B!W$,8=$l$k(B. 0.7 $S_{0}$ ($B=i4|2P@1(B)$B$K$*$$$F(B, $BCOI=29EY$O(B $p_{s}=$ 1.5bar $B$G:G9b(B 214 ${}^{\circ }$ K .

$\Depsf[][]{fig-prohibited/kikou-8.ps}$

$B?^(B8 Kasting (1991) $B$N7W;;7k2L(B(Carr ,1996, $B?^(B6-11).

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$B2P@1$N3$(B

$B2a5n$N2P@1$K$O0l;~E*$K$O3$$,B8:_$7$?$3$H$,$"$k(B, $B$H$$$&

Amazonian $B$KN.?e3hF0$,B8:_$7$?:/@W(B.

Amazonian $B4|$NFnH>5e$N9bCO$KI92OCO7A$,B8:_(B.

$BKLH>5e$NJ?86$K$O3$4_@~$N@W(B(fossile shoreline)$B$N$h$&$J$b$N$,$"$k(B.

$B$3$l$h$jKLH>5e$K$O3$$,7+$jJV$78=$l(B, $B0l;~E*$K29CH<>=a$J5$8u$r(B $B7A@.$7(B Hesperian $B$+$i(B Amazonian $B$K?J$`$K$D$l$F8:?j$7$?(B, $B$H9M$($?(B.

$BH`$i$N5DO@$NCf$G(B, $B3$$O0J2<$N$h$&$J%W%m%;%9$r$?$I$j7A@.$5$l$k(B.

$B8=:_$H$[$\F1MM$N5$8u$+$i=PH/$9$k(B. $B$3$l$O(B Noachian $B8e4|$GM=A[$5$l$k(B.
Tarsis $BIU6a$G$NBg5,LO$J2P;33hF0$K$h$jCOCf$NI9$,M;2r$7(B, $BCO2=?e7O$KBgNL$N?e$r6!5k$9$k(B.
Chryse basin $BIU6a$GCO2

Baker et al. (1991) $B$G<($5$l$?3$$NBg$-$5$r0J2<$K<($9(B.

$B3$4_@~9bEY(B(km) $BBN@Q(B(10 ${}^{7}$ km ${}^{3}$ ) $BLL@Q(B(10 ${}^{7}$ km ${}^{2}$ ) $BJ?6Q?e?<(B(km) $BA45e$N?<$5(B(m)

0 6.5 3.8 1.7 450

-1 3.1 2.8 1.1 210

-2 1.0 1.4 0.7 70

$B3$$,7A@.$5$l$?$3$H$K$h$j(B, $B5$8u$O29CH2=$9$k$H$7$F$$$k(B. $B29CH2=$H$=$N8e$N?J2=$O

$BCO2 $B$bCOI=$K=P$k$HM=A[$5$l$k(B. $B$h$C$FBg5$Cf$K(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$,6!5k$5$l$k(B. $B2P;33hF0$K$h$kC&%,%9$K$h$C$F$b(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$,6!5k$5$l$k(B.

CO ${}_{2}$ , H ${}_{2}$ O $B$NA}2C$GBg5$$,8|$/$J$j29CH2=$9$k(B. $B6K0h$+$i$b%,%9$,6!5k$5$l$k$h$&$K$J$j(B, $B29CH2=$O$5$i$K?J$`(B.

$B29CH2=$K$H$b$J$&9_?e$G%P%l!<(B, $BI92O$r7A@.$9$k(B.

$B$=$N8e$O4(Nd2=$K8~$+$&(B.

$BBg5$Cf$N(B CO ${}_{2}$ $B$O3$$KMO$1$FC:;@1v$H$J$j8GDj2=$5$l$k(B. $B$h$C$FBg5$$OGv$/$J$j(B, $B=y!9$K4(Nd2=$9$k(B.
$B1J5WE`EZ$,$J$$$?$a3$?e$,COI=$K@w$_9~$s$GCO2=?e7O$K?e$,La$k(B.
$B$7$P$i$/$9$k$H85$N5$8u$KLa$k(B. $B$7$+$7%P%l!<$dI92O$r7A@.$9$k$@$1$N;~4V$O$"$k$H$7$F$$$k(B.

$B$3$N%7%J%j%*$O$$$m$$$m$JLdBjE@$r0l$D$NOHAH$NCf$G2r7h$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k(B. $B$7$+$7$3$3$K<($5$l$?$5$^$6$^$J2aDx$,

$B;29MJ88%(B

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