: 4. $B;29MJ88%(B
: 2 $B
: 2. $B6u4VJ}8~$NN%;62=(B
$B6u4VN%;62=$5$l$?1?F0J}Dx<0(B(2.28),
(2.29)$B$H05NOJ}Dx<0(B
(2.30)$B$r;~4VJ}8~$KN%;62=$9$k(B.
$B2;GH$K4XO"$9$k9`$OC;$$%?%$%`%9%F%C%W(B $B$GN%;62=$7(B, $B$=$NB>(B
$B$N9`$OD9$$%?%$%`%9%F%C%W(B $B$GN%;62=$9$k(B. $B2;GH$K4XO"$9$k9`$NN%(B
$B;62=$K$O(B HE-VI $BK!$r:NMQ$7(B, $B$N<0$OA0?J:9J,(B, $B$N<0$O8eB`:9J,(B
($B%/%i%s%/!&%K%3%k%=%sK!(B)$B$GN%;62=$9$k(B. $B$=$NB>$N9`$NN%;62=$K$O%j!<%W%U%m%C(B
$B%0K!$rMQ$$$k(B. $BN%;62=$7$?<0$N7W;;$O$^$:(B $B$N<0$+$i9T$&(B. $BF@$i$l$?(B
$B$N(B $B$rMQ$$$F(B $B$r7W;;$7(B, $B$rMQ$$$F(B
$B$r7W;;$9$k(B.
$B1?F0J}Dx<0$N3F9`$N$&$A(B, $B2;GH$K4X78$7$J$$9`$r(B $B$H$7$F(B
$B$^$H$a$k$H(B, $B1?F0J}Dx<0$H05NOJ}Dx<0$O0J2<$N$h$&$K=q$1$k(B.
$B$?$@$7(B $B$N<0$K$O2;GH8:?j9`(B $B$r2C$($F$"$k(B
(Skamarock and Klemp, 1992).
$B2;GH$K4XO"$7$J$$9`(B $B$O(B,
|
|
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(3.4) |
|
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(3.5) |
$B$G$"$j(B, $B;~9o(B $B$GI>2A$9$k$3$H$K$9$k(B.
$BC"$7(B, $BCf?4:9J,$G%j!<%W%U%m%C%0K!$rMQ$$$k$?$a(B, $B?tCMG4@-9`(B Diff $B$rDI2C$7$F$"$k(B.
(3.1)$B$r;~4VJ}8~$KN%;62=$9$k$H0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$k(B.
|
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(3.6) |
HE-VI $BK!$rMQ$$$k$N$G(B, $B$H(B $B$N<0$rO"N)$7$F2r$/(B. $B$N<0$K$*$$(B
$B$F2;GH8:?j9`$OA0?J:9J,(B, $B05NO9`$O8eB`:9J,$GN%;62=$9$k(B. $B$N<0$K$*(B
$B$$$F?eJ?HyJ,9`$O(B(3.6)$B$G5a$a$?(B
$B$rMQ$$$FN%;62=$7(B, $B1tD>HyJ,9`$O8eB`:9J,$GN%;62=$9$k(B.
|
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(3.7) |
$B$3$3$G$O4JC1$N$?$a3J;RE@0LCV$rI=$9E:;z$O>JN,$7$?(B.
(3.8) $B<0$K(B (3.7) $B$rBeF~$7$F(B
$B$r>C5n$9$k(B.
(3.9) $B<01&JU$r6u4VJ}8~$KN%;62=$7(B,
$B3J;RE@0LCV$rI=$9E:;z$rIU$1$FI=$9$H0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$k(B
($B7W;;$N>\:Y$O(B $BBh(BA$B>O(B $B;2>H(B).
$BC"$7J?6Q>l$NNL$O1tD>J}8~$K$7$+0MB8$7$J$$$N$G(B $BJ}8~$NE:;z$N$_(B
$BIU$1$F$"$k(B.
$B>e2<6-3&$r8GDjJI$H$9$k>l9g(B, $B6-3&>r7o$O>eIt2
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(3.8) |
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(3.9) |
$B$G$"$k(B.
$B2:
$B2)$B$K$D$$$F9M$($k(B. $B$3$N;~(B (3.7) $B<0$K(B
$BE:;z$rIU$1$F=q$-2<$9$H(B,
$B$H$J$k(B. $B$7$?$,$C$F(B (3.10) $B<0$O0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$k(B.
$B>eIt6-3&(B:
$B>eIt6-3&(B()$B$K$D$$$F9M$($k(B. $B$3$N;~(B (3.7) $B<0(B
$B$rE:;z$rIU$1$F=q$-2<$9$H(B,
$B$H$J$k(B. $B$7$?$,$C$F(B (3.10) $B<0$O0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$k(B.
(3.10), (3.14),
(3.16) $B<0$rO"N)$9$k$H(B, $B0J2<$N$h$&$J9TNs<0$N7A<0$G=q$/(B
$B$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
|
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(3.14) |
$B$3$NO"N)J}Dx<0$r2r$/$3$H$G(B $B$r5a$a$k(B. $B$3$NO"N)J}Dx<0$N78?t$O0J2<$N(B
$B$h$&$K=q$1$k(B.
$B$?$@$7(B,
$B$G$"$k(B.
$B1?F0J}Dx<0$N2;GH$K4XO"$7$J$$9`(B (3.1), (3.2) $B<0$r(B
$BN%;62=$9$k(B.
|
|
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(3.15) |
|
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(3.16) |
$B$3$3$G(B, Adv $B$O0\N.9`(B, D $B$OG4@-3H;69`(B, Buoy $B$OIbNO9`(B,
Diff $B$O?tCMG4@-9`$G$"$k(B.
$B$=$l$>$l$N9`$r=q$-2<$9$H(B,
$B$G$"$j(B, $BIbNO9`$O(B,
$B$G$"$j(B, $BG4@-3H;69`$O(B,
$B$G$"$k(B. $B?tCMG4@-9`$O(B,
$B$G$"$k(B. $B$OMpN.%(%M%k%.!<$N;~4VH/E8J}Dx<0$+$i7W;;$7(B($B>\:Y$O8e=R(B),
$B$O0J2<$N$h$&$KDj$a$k(B.
|
|
|
(3.24) |
|
|
|
(3.25) |
$B$3$3$G(B
$B$O?eJ?!&1tD>J}8~$N3J;R4V3V$r0UL#$7(B,
$B$O$=$l$>$l(B,
|
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(3.26) |
$B$H$9$k(B.
$BG.$N<0$H:.9gHf$NJ]B8<0$N1&JU$r$^$H$a$F(B $B$GI=$7(B,
$B;~4VJ}8~$K%j!<%W%U%m%C%0K!$rMQ$$$FN%;62=$9$k(B.
|
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|
(3.27) |
|
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|
(3.28) |
|
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(3.29) |
|
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(3.30) |
$B$3$3$G(B,
|
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(3.31) |
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(3.32) |
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(3.33) |
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(3.34) |
$B$G$"$k(B. $B0\N.$rCf?4:9J,$G0BDj$7$F2r$/$?$a$K(B, $B?tCMG4@-9`(B Diff $B$rDI2C$7$F$"(B
$B$k(B. $B$^$?(B,
$B9`$O<>=aK0OBD4@aK!$h$j7h$a$k$?$a(B,
$B$=$l$i$N9`$r4^$a$J$$(B.
, , , $B$r$^$H$a$F(B $B$GI=$7(B,
$B$=$l$>$l$N9`$r=q$-2<$9(B. $B0\N.9`$O(B,
$B$G$"$j(B, $B4pK\>l$N0\N.9`$O(B,
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(3.36) |
$B$G$"$k(B. $BG4@-3H;69`$O(B CReSS $B$HF1MM$K(B 1.5 $B
$B$H$J$j(B, $B4pK\>l$NG4@-3H;69`$O(B,
$B$H$J$k(B. $B?tCMG4@-9`$O(B,
$B$G$"$k(B. $B$OMpN.%(%M%k%.!<$N;~4VH/E8J}Dx<0$+$i7W;;$9$k(B($B>\:Y$O8e=R(B).
$B$O(B (3.29) $B<0$rMxMQ$9$k(B.
$B6E=L2CG.9`(B $B$O(B
|
(3.40) |
$B$G$"$k(B.
$B;60o2CG.9`(B $B$O(B
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(3.41) |
$B$HM?$($k(B. $B$3$3$G(B
$B$G$"$k(B.
$BJ|
$B$O7W;;@_Dj$4$H$KM?$($k(B.
$B1@?e$+$i1+?e$X$NJQ49$rI=$9(B , $B$O0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$k(B.
|
|
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(3.42) |
|
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|
(3.43) |
$B1+?e$N>xH/$rI=$9(B $B$O0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$k(B.
|
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(3.44) |
$B9_?e$K$h$k1+?e%U%i%C%/%9$rI=$9(B $B$O0J2<$N$h$&$K=q$1$k(B.
|
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(3.45) |
|
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|
(3.46) |
Klemp and Wilhelmson (1983), CReSS $B%f!<%6!<%^%K%e%"%k(B($BDZLZ$H:g86(B, 2001)
$B$G$O(B, $B?e>x5$$H1@?e$N4V$NJQ49$rI=$9(B
$B$O(B,
Soong and Ogura (1973) $B$K$*$$$F3+H/$5$l$?(B
$B<>=aK0OBD4@aK!$rMQ$$$k(B.
$B$3$NJ}K!$O(B $B$NCGG.@~$H(B,
$B$N(B
$BJ?9U>r7o(B( $B$O2=3X%]%F%s%7%c%k(B)$B$N8r$o$k29EY!&05NO!&AH@.$r(B
$BH?I|E*$K5a$a$k?tCM2rK!$G$"$k(B.
$B0J2<$G$O$=$N$d$jJ}$r2r@b$9$k(B.
$B<>=aK0OBD4@aK!$rMQ$$$k>l9g(B,
$B$^$:;O$a$K(B (3.30) - (3.37)
$B<0$+$i5a$^$kNL$K(B $B$rE:IU$7(B, ,
, , $B$H$9$k(B.
$B?e$KBP$9$k2aK0OB:.9gHf(B
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(3.47) |
$B$,(B
, $B$b$7$/$O1@N3:.9gHf$,(B $B$J$i(B
$B$P(B, $B, , $B$r5a$a$k(B.
$B$?$@$7(B,
$B$G$"$k(B.
$B$b$7$b(B
$B$J$i$P(B, $B;CDjE*$KF@$i$l$?CM$r(B $BIU$-(B
$B$N$b$N$KCV$-49$((B, (3.51) - (3.53) $B<0(B
$B$NCM$,<}B+$9$k$^$G7+$jJV$7E,MQ$9$k(B. $BIaDL(B, $B9b!9?t2s7+$jJV$;$P<}B+$7(B,
$BD4@08e$NCM$,F@$i$l$k$=$&$G$"$k(B.
$B$b$7$b(B
$B$N>l9g$K$O(B,
$B$H$7(B, $B7+$jJV$7$rCf;_$9$k(B.
$BN22=%"%s%b%K%&%`$N@[email protected]?1~(B
|
|
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(3.54) |
$B$N$h$&$J(B, 2 $Bl9g$N(B, $B<>=aK0OBD4@aK!$r9M$($k(B.
$BN22=%"%s%b%K%&%`$N@[email protected]?1~$N05J?9UDj?t$O(B,
|
|
|
(3.55) |
$B$G$"$k(B. $B05J?9UDj?t$rMQ$$$k$3$H$G(B, $BG$0U$N29EY$KBP$9$k(B
$B%"%s%b%K%"$HN22=?eAG$N%b%kHf$N@Q$r5a$a$k$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
$BG$0U$N29EY(B $B$K$*$1$k(B NHSH $B$N@[email protected]$r(B $B$H$9$k$H(B,
$B05J?9UDj?t$N<0$O0J2<$N$h$&$K=q$1$k(B.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3.56) |
$B2r$N8x<0$r;H$&$H(B, $B@[email protected](B X $B$O0J2<$H$J$k(B.
|
|
|
|
|
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(3.57) |
$B:,9f$NId9f$O(B
$B$N>l9g$K$H$j$&$k(B $B$NCM$r(B
$B2>Dj$9$k$3$H$G7h$a$k(B.
$B$N>l9g(B, $BL@$i$+$K(B
|
|
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(3.58) |
$B$G$"$k(B. $B$3$3$GLZ@1Bg5$$rA[Dj$7(B,
$B$G$"$k$3$H$r2>Dj$9$k$H(B
$B$G$"$k(B. $B$=$3$G(B
(3.60)$B$N:,9f$NId9f$O(B
$B$N$H$-(B
$B$H$J$k$h$&(B, $BIi$rA*Br$9$k(B.
|
|
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(3.59) |
$B$NK~$?$9$Y$->r7o$O(B,
|
|
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(3.60) |
$B$G$"$k(B. $B>e5-$N>r7o$rK~$?$5$J$$>l9g$K$O(B $B$H$9$k(B.
$B$,(B (3.63) $B<0$N>r7o$rK~$?$9$J$i$P(B,
$B, , $B$r5a$a$k(B.
|
|
|
(3.61) |
|
|
|
(3.62) |
|
|
|
(3.63) |
|
|
|
(3.64) |
$B$?$@$7(B,
$B$G$"$j(B,
$B$H(B
$B$O$=$l$>$l(B,
$B@[email protected](B $B$KBP1~$9$k(B NH $B$H(B HS $B$N:.9gHf$G$"$k(B.
$B290L$,<}B+$9$k$^$GH?I|2~NI$r9T$&(B.
Klemp and Wilhelmson (1978) $B$*$h$S(B CReSS ($BDZLZ$H:g86FF;V(B, 2001) $B$HF1MM(B
$B$K(B, 1.5 $B
|
|
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(3.65) |
$B$3$3$G(B,
$B$G$"$k(B. CReSS $B$K$J$i$$(B, $B0\N.9`$r(B $B$G(B,
$B0\N.9`0J30$r(B $B$GI>2A$7$?(B.
$B$K4^$^$l$k3F9`$O0J2<$N$h$&$K=q$-2<$9$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
|
|
|
(3.67) |
|
|
|
(3.68) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3.69) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3.70) |
|
|
|
(3.71) |
$B$3$3$G(B
,
$B:.9g5wN%(B
$B$H$9$k(B.
$B$^$?(B $B$O0J2<$GM?$($i$l$k(B.
$B$?$@$7(B,
$B$G$"$k(B.
$B%j!<%W%U%m%C%0K!$rMQ$$$?$3$H$K$h$C$F@8$8$k7W;;%b!<%I$NA}I}$rM^@)$9$k$?(B
$B$a(B, Asselin (1972) $B$N;~4V%U%#%k%?!<$rD9$$;~4V9o$_$G(B 1 $B%9%F%C%W7W;;$9$k(B
$BKh$K(B($B
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$B$?$H$($P(B(3.6)$B$rMQ$$$F(B
$B$r7W;;$9$k>l9g(B, $B0J2<$N$h$&$K;~4V%U%#%k%?!<$rE,MQ$9$k(B.
$B$3$3$G(B $B$O%U%#%k%?!<$N78?t$G$"$j(B, $B$=$NCM$O(B 0.05 $B$rMQ$$(B
$B$k(B. (3.7), (3.8)$B$N7W;;$KBP$7$F$bF1MM(B
$B$K;~4V%U%#%k%?!<$rE,MQ$9$k(B.
$B6-3&LLIU6a$G$NGH$NH?
|
|
|
(3.76) |
$B$?$@$7(B, $B$OG$0U$NM=JsJQ?t$G$"$j(B, $B$O5R4Q2r@OCMEy$N4{CN$N(B
$BCM$G$"$k(B. $B$3$N9`$O(B1 $B$DA0$N%?%$%`%9%F%C%W(B $B$G7W;;$5$l(B,
$B>.$5$$%?%$%`%9%F%C%W$G07$o$l$kM=JsJQ?t$KBP$7$F$b(B,
$B0\N.9`$d?tCMG4@-9`$HF1MM$K(B $B$NBg$-$J%?%$%`%9%F%C%W4V$NCM$H$7(B
$B$FI>2A$5$l$k!#6qBNE*$K$O(B,
|
|
|
(3.77) |
|
|
|
(3.78) |
|
|
|
(3.79) |
|
|
|
(3.80) |
$B$H$9$k(B. $BC"$7(B $B$O%(%/%9%J!<4X?t$N4pK\>l$G$"$k(B.
$B$O$=$l$>$l?eJ?J}8~$K$O3F6-3&LL$K8~$+$C$F(B, $B1tD>(B
$BJ}8~$K$O>e6-3&LL$K8~$+$C$F>.$5$/$J$k8:?j78?t$G$"$k(B. $B$3$l$i$N8:?j78?t$O(B,
$B?eJ?J}8~$K$O5[<}AX$N8|$_$r(B $B$H$7(B, $B$NHO0O$r(B
$B$H$9$l$P(B,
$B$G$"$j(B, $B1tD>J}8~$K$O5[<}AX$N8|$5$r(B $B$H$7(B, $B$NHO0O$r(B
$B$H$9$l$P(B,
|
|
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|
|
|
|
(3.82) |
$B$G$"$k(B. $B$3$3$G(B,
$B$O$=$l$>$l?eJ?!&1tD>J}8~$N8:?jDj?t(B
$B$G$"$k(B.
$B$O;~4V$N5U?t$N
$B$O(B e-folding time $B$H8F$P$l$k(B.
e-folding time $B$ODL>o(B 100 - 300 s $B$K@_Dj$9$k(B.
$B$^$?5[<}AX$N8|$_(B $B$O$=$l$>$l(B, $B?eJ?J}8~$K$O?t3J;RJ,(B,
$B1tD>J}8~$K$O>eLL$+$i(B1/3 $BDxEY@_Dj$9$l$PNI$$(B.
: 4. $B;29MJ88%(B
: 2 $B
: 2. $B6u4VJ}8~$NN%;62=(B
SUGIYAMA Ko-ichiro
$BJ?@.(B22$BG/(B3$B7n(B5$BF|(B